Has the introduction of tuition fees reduced the demand for higher Essay

Has the introduction of tuition fees reduced the demand for higher education - Essay Example In Australia, where income contingent loans have been introduced to cover tuition fees and maintenance support, up until 1995 there had been no fall in demand either as a result of reduced entry or increased drop-out rates. Higher education has proven to be an attractive investment for individuals, generating a return of 5-15% in OECD countries. In addition to the benefits derived by the individual, society also benefits largely when the population is well educated. In many OECD countries, the burden of higher education has gradually shifted from the government or the taxpayer to the students and their parents. Australia reintroduced the tuition fees for higher education in 1989 through the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS).In the Netherlands, tuition fees for full-time students are determined by the Minister of Education and are uniform for all subjects in higher education programs. Tuition fee as a percentage of the total direct cost of higher education has remained stable at 20% for the past few years. A change in funding pattern is likely to influence the student community in various ways. While an immediate reaction to discontinuation of State sponsorship for higher education might be one of disappointment, it might also lead students and their parents to appreciate the of value higher education better if they are to be made to pay for it from their own pockets. This way, only students serious about research in that particular field would take up higher studies. However, without primary research or econometric testing of behaviour, it very difficult to assess the net effect of changes to the funding structure and cost of higher education to students. The theory of human capital explains the economic approach to students demand for higher education as an investment. Human capital theory suggests that

Does consuming Vitamin C reduce the risk of having a cold Research Paper

Does consuming Vitamin C reduce the risk of having a cold - Research Paper Example We call it infection. An infected person is the one whose body has been penetrated with microbes such as Viruses, Bacteria or Fungi. As the microbes continue to grow in the body, the disease gets severe until the person infected is killed. Viral infection occurs when tiny disease-causing particles, called a virus, enter the body and begin multiplying. More than 400 different viruses are known to cause infections in humans. (Natural Standard Research Collaboration, 2011)[1] Most commonly known viruses that cause diseases are common cold, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, HIV, Influenza (flu). How are we protected from diseases? To protect from attacks and damage from microbes, God has created human beings with many defensive techniques. The first barrier against the microbes is human skin. Unless the skin is cut, and blood comes out, microbes cannot enter the body. Second protection is white blood cells which are there in the body to defend us. White blood cells eat microbes and also hunt the m down before they can mix in the red blood cell. White blood cells also produce antibodies. Antibodies are natural destroyer of microbes. The antibodies are produced automatically as soon as a microbe enters the human body. For every single type of microbe, a new type of antibodies is made. The third thing that protects microbes from entering our body is hairs in our nose. They catch microbes which are in air or atmosphere. The fourth thing that protects microbes is mucus, a sticky substance that lines nose and windpipe and also washes microbes away from the eyes in tears. In spite of the researches and efforts by human being, the microbes keep entering the human body constantly and make people ill. Those who are infected when do not take necessary medicine on time let the microbes grow to the extent that can kill them. In general all viral infection cause fever and the body uncomfortable which in common terms we call â€Å"sick† or â€Å"ill†. However the sign and sy mptoms depend upon the severity of infection and the type of virus which infected the body. The only way to cure viral infections is to make the body produce antibody which can destroy the viral microbes. The antibiotics made by scientist only cure microbes of type â€Å"bacteria†. However, microbes of type â€Å"virus† do not destroy by antibiotics. Scientists have found a new way to cure virus microbes. This new process is called â€Å"immunization†. A body is immunized when a â€Å"vaccine† is injected in to the bloodstream. This vaccine contains the microbes that cause the disease. The microbes in vaccine are slightly modified. They are either dead or weakened or some portion of it is used. After the injection white blood cells make antibodies against the microbes that were injected by the vaccine. Hence we say that our body is now immunized from a particular viral disease. Any time in future, when a microbe of this type enters the body, it is immedia tely recognized and the army of antibodies comes into action by attacking, hunting and destroying it preventing the body from the viral disease. What is cold? Cold is a viral disease. When a person is infected by cold virus, his throat soars. As the virus grows in the body, the eyes, nose and ears all start to pain. It may raise temperature and cause fever. The effect of cold and flu virus on an individual body depends on the army of antibodies the body posses. Larger army of antibodies