Euthanasia And Physician Assisted Suicide - 1504 Words

Being able to decide the fate of your own life is not an easy decision to make, and is not something to be toyed with. However, when someone is in a desperate situation, and must choose before they lose their mind (quite literally), death may be more appealing, instead of living, and being forced to suffer. By legalizing euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide, we would provide â€Å"vulnerable† patients with better overall protection and health care, give patients (who are excruciatingly suffering and have no chance of recovery) the option to end their lives before they ever needed to go through such an ordeal and giving them peace of mind, and spare the families of the patients the emotional pain of watching their loved one slowly and painfully passing away. For these reasons, I believe that euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide should be legalized in Canada. Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide are two similar topics which are constantly countered with extremely weak statements, such as â€Å"the argument that if we respect the liberty of some individuals to choose assisted death we will thereby expose the ill and frail to an increased risk of abuse or exploitation† (Schafer, â€Å"the case for legalization†), which is commonly known as the â€Å"slippery slope† debate. However, several countries and select states in the United States who have legalized euthanasia have not shown any signs of â€Å"slippery slopes†. In fact, these areas have actually demonstrated that: [R]ates ofShow MoreRelatedEuthanasia And Physician Assisted Suicide865 Words   |  4 Pagessubject for people; add in the idea of assisted suicides and there’s an uproar in society. Euthanasia or physician assisted suicide is a very controversial topic in our society today. Physician assisted suicide by definition is â€Å"suicide by a patient facilitated by means (as a drug prescription) or information (as an indication of a lethal dosage) provided by a physician aware of the patient’s intent (Merriam-Webster). There are two modes of looking at assisted suicides; either it’s seen as an absurd immoralRead MoreEuthanasia And Physician Assisted Suicide918 Words   |  4 Pagesallows terminally ill patients to end their lives with the assistance of a physician. According to the legislature, patients who seek assisted-death must only have six months to live and are required to submit a written request as well as two oral requests at least 15 days apart. (Reilly). While Gov. Jerry Brown still has yet to approve this new law, the act has shed light on the topic of euthanasia/physician-assisted suicide. With the pending status of the law, the question remains on whether or notRead MoreEuthanasia Or Physician Assisted Suicide961 Words   |  4 PagesEuthanasia or physician assisted suicide, is the painless killing of a patient, suffering from a painful or incurable disease, like cancer, or alzheimer s, the practice is illegal in most countries, including the United States, although in the United States, it is a state decision, the only state in the United States that it is legal in is Oregon. Oregon passed the Death with Dignity Act in 1994, making euthanasia legal for chronically ill patients, the only caveat is that the doctor is allowedRead MoreEuthanasia, And Physician Assisted Suicide863 Words   |  4 Pagesare: euthanasia, and physician assisted suicide. Internationally, assisted suicide is a doctor prescribing drugs that end life. Th e patient is responsible for taking them. Euthanasia is the medication administered by doctors. Today, four countries have laws that allow euthanasia. (Ellis and Bronwyn) A few have laws for physician assisted suicide, and several countries have no laws against suicide. (Humphry) The United States of America have recently added a 5th state to offer assisted suicideRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide And Euthanasia Essay1039 Words   |  5 PagesPhysician Assisted Suicide Is physician assisted suicide ethical? Physician assisted suicide is an up and coming ethical question that examines a person’s right to their own death. Many people support physician assisted suicide, citing that it can save a lot of pain and suffering. Others claim that the concept of physician assisted suicide is a slippery slope. A slippery slope in the sense that if society accepts euthanasia as a rightful death for the terminally ill, they will potentially acceptRead MoreEuthanasia And Physician Assisted Suicide1629 Words   |  7 Pagesproblems, assisted suicide creates options to reduce the amount of suffering the patient must enduring. Dying with dignity could be beneficial for not only the person who is dying, but also the person’s family and loved ones. This option, however, is often viewed as unethical and immoral throughout society. Physician-assisted suicide offers an option for those with health issues but poses various ethical and social issues. Assisted death is practiced in two different ways: euthanasia and physician-assistedRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide And Euthanasia Essay1806 Words   |  8 PagesPuett WRIT 1401 12/06/16 Physician Assisted Suicide Beginning in the 1970s, terminally ill patients were given the right to refuse life-sustaining treatment to end their own life, a process commonly referred to as euthanasia. They would be taken off life support, and death would be allowed to take its natural course. This idea was controversial at first, but now a bigger issue has taken its place. Many patients claim that they reserve the right to physician assisted suicide—killing oneself with meansRead MoreEuthanasia And Physician Assisted Suicide997 Words   |  4 PagesEuthanasia and Physician Assisted Suicide: The Right to Die with Dignity (The Legalization, At Risk Groups, and Rebuttal) The possible legalization of voluntary euthanasia and physician assisted suicide brings concerns in regards to how well it will be accepted. There are contradictions that exists between government and church when it comes to the morals and values placed on human life. Although, society has concerns in regards to at risk community groups and the type of treatment availableRead MoreEuthanasia And Physician Assisted Suicide1249 Words   |  5 Pagesview euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide not as murder or suicide, but rather a release from the pain that holds down and a quicker, less painful way to get to the end that will happen anyways. Euthanasia is becoming much more of a hot topic in the news, both here at home in the US, as well as on the global stage with the new Prime Minister of Canada pushing for a law that would allow nationwide physician assisted death. As of now only a few states have legalized physician-assisted suicideRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Or Euthanasia1597 Words   |  7 PagesPhysician assisted suicide or euthanasia should be a right granted to all citizens who are suffering from a degenerative, painful, or fatal condition that would cause them to be unable to enjoy their lives as healthy people do. The right to die with dignity is a fundamental issue that is debated in the spiritual side of everyone. Some of us may have known someone close to them who has seen or gone through an ordeal as watching someone take their last breath. No one should suffer in pain or have their

New Trends In E-Business E-Government And M-Commerce Essay

Abstract The internet has emerged as a major, perhaps eventually the most important worldwide distribution channel for goods, services, managerial and professional jobs. This has profoundly changed the economics, markets and industry structure, products and services and their flow. The consumer segmentation, values and behavior has been shifting constantly due to new technological advances in electronic commerce and mobile commerce. E-commerce has given consumers cheaper products and services, instant delivery, no sales tax and information availability. The changes in the Internet and World Wide Web technologies and services lead to new developments in the way E-government efforts provide services to citizens and businesses, and in the†¦show more content†¦It was discovered that through the use of this technology, customers could to business transactions with the organization electronically, and this led to the birth of â€Å"electronic business,† also referred as â€Å"E-Com merce†. An E-business model is an approach to conducting electronic business on the Internet, E-business transactions take place between two major entities-business and consumers. All E-business activities happen within the framework of two types of business relationship: (1) the exchange of products and services between business (B2B) and (2) the exchange of products and services with consumers (B2C), this is taken from Business Driven Information Systems book. E-Government The discoveries achieved in early days of Web-enabled technologies through the use of electronic business led to the discovery of â€Å"electronic government†, also known as â€Å"eGov†. Government organizations began using these technologies to develop various applications to serve and govern their population in a fashion that was not possible a decade earlier. E-government uses improved Internet-based technology to make it easy for citizens and businesses to interact with the government, save taxpayer dollars, and streamline citizen-to-government communication. (Whitehouse). Now a days, E-government applicationsShow MoreRelatedCase Study : Greening Of Management1336 Words   |  6 Pagesanalyze why the trend of green management strategies and perspectives have proven successful. In addition to the behaviors of the MoD, a green management perspective illustrated by management studies shows that companies that integrate green management appeal to a sector of stakeholde rs called â€Å"green stakeholders.† Green stakeholders are made up of the average environmentally-conscious consumer purchasing products or services from the organization, but also meet the demands set by government agencies throughRead MoreForms and Classification of Online Business1729 Words   |  7 PagesForms and classification of online business According to (Adam, Z.R.), the major different types of e-commerce (B2B) Business-to Business, (B2C) Business-to-Consumer, (B2G) Business-to-Government, (C2C) Consumer-to-Consumer and M-commerce which is mobile commerce. Business-to-business is simply e-commerce that is present between two businesses. It is said that it is the fastest growing type of e-commerce, much faster than B2C. It is a type of e-commerce wherein two businesses transact withRead MoreE Commerce1203 Words   |  5 PagesElectronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce, is a type of industry where buying and selling of product or service is conducted over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. Electronic commerce draws on technologies such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerceRead MoreEssay about The ECommerce Environment of Singapore1496 Words   |  6 PagesIndonesia. The island measures a total of 637 square kilometers with a coastline 193 kilometers long. Singapore is generally c omprised of lowland areas with a central plateau in the middle of the island. Its elevation ranges from the Bukit Timah, (166 m.), to the Singapore Strait which is at sea level. Its climate is tropical and wet. Precipitation occurs on 40% of all days, (70% of days in April). Singapores two biggest natural recourses are its fishing industry, and its deep water ports. SingaporeRead Moreâ€Å"Emerging Trends in Commerce Education to Face the Challenges of Dynamic Business World†1621 Words   |  7 PagesORIGINAL ARTICLE â€Å"Emerging trends in Commerce Education to face the challenges of dynamic business world† Jitendra Ahirrao1 and Prakash Ratanlal Rodiya2 1 Asoociate Professor, Department of Commerce,Smt. Dankunwar Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Jalna.E-mail: drahirrao@indiatimes.com 2 (M. Com., M. Phil., UGC NET)H. No. 135, Near Vitthal Mandir, Mahada Colony,Mantha Road, Jalna-431203. E-mail: prakashrodiya@rediffmail.com Abstract: Commerce education is business education. Commerce education is that area ofRead MoreMS Business Models2059 Words   |  9 PagesQUESTION 1: LIST THE BUSINESS MODELS USED BY M S Product/ Service Customization Model M S moderately or diligently aligns its products and ideas based on the dynamic or ever transforming market trends and fashion needs. According to the case study, M S is highly concentrated in the fashion industry and its ever-growing demand for its exclusive garments and customized accessories. Hands-on approach is mostly utilised by modelling agencies to fulfil the industry’s standards, and in the processRead MoreHow Is the Internet Reshaping What We Mean by Culture?1436 Words   |  6 Pagesstandardized Internet Protocol (IP). It is made up of thousands of smaller commercial, academic, domestic, and government networks. It carries various information and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, and the interlinked Web pages and other documents of the World Wide Web. (Wikipedia). The Internet has changed the way we communicate, the way we learn and the way we trade. Communication trends have changed in the past few years that no one would have predicted. It is ev ident that the InternetRead MoreEssay How Is The Internet Reshaping Culture1362 Words   |  6 Pagesstandardized Internet Protocol (IP). It is made up of thousands of smaller commercial, academic, domestic, and government networks. It carries various information and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, and the interlinked Web pages and other documents of the World Wide Web. (Wikipedia). The Internet has changed the way we communicate, the way we learn and the way we trade. Communication trends have changed in the past few years that no one would have predicted. It is evident that the InternetRead MoreE-Commerce for My Business578 Words   |  2 Pages Based on my future reading from â€Å"The Relationship between E-Commerce Adoption and Organization Performance† , the finding is also quite similar with these journal by which it had stated that the click-and mortar firm should also applying e-commerce and determine the necessary areas that need to be re-engineered in the process to increase the firm’s performance. However, it had been recommended that future researcher should consider some factors in determining their research by which Mutia SobihahRead MoreComparison Between E-Business and Traditional Business1559 Words   |  7 PagesElectronic Business (E-Business) is a perplexing practice due to the numerous aspects it involves. In today’s rapidly changing environment, organizations adopt E-Business to respond to several business drivers. The progressions of the macro-environments are creating innovative business environments, in which E-Business is considered a normal practice. This paper attempts to mod el the business environment and evaluate its competitive characteristics by comparing the traditional business with E-Business

Economic Basis of African Slavery in the United States Free Essays

Economic Basis of African Slavery in the United States In early American history slave owners were mainly of the Christian faith and believed in the literal truth of the Bible. They felt that many quotes in the bible gave them a â€Å"right† to use slaves for prophet. One such quote comes from Colossians 3:22 â€Å"Slaves, obey your earthly masters in everything; and do it, not only when their eye is on you and to win their favor, but with sincerity of heart and reverence for the Lord. We will write a custom essay sample on Economic Basis of African Slavery in the United States or any similar topic only for you Order Now † There are several economic factors contributing to African slavery in the United States, three of which will be discussed. Tariffs are one major economic factor that contributed to slavery in the US. The United States federal government taxed imports at rates from 5 to 15 percent, the taxes were primarily designed to create revenue to pay expenses and part of the national debt that the federal government had. These tariffs increase the price of items brought into the US from overseas. As the shipping costs rose and the taxes increased as well as the need for the importers to make a profit as well, the costs of these imported goods became too high and the demand for US products grew. Such products as Cotton and Tobacco could be grown and harvested in the US and sold at a far lower price, and slaves were used to harvest these products and avoid the tariffs. Avoiding many of the costs of importing these types of products and using slaves to harvest them allowed the owners of the slaves to make the money they needed to survive and become wealthy. Another major economic factor contributing to the growth of slavery in the US was the high demand of cotton. In 1793 the invention of the cotton gin, which separated the cotton seeds from the fiber, made it possible for plantation owners to produce more cotton products faster but the harvesting of the cotton could not keep up, more and more slaves were used to harvest the cotton just to keep up with the gin capacity. Once again not having to pay the slaves allowed the plantation owners to become wealthier and maintain a lifestyle they have become accustom to. As time continued, the southern economy became reliant on an Agricultural economy and the growth of agriculture is another economic factor in contributing to slavery in the US. Southern Plantation owners not only were heavy in cotton and tobacco but also started growing rice, corn, wheat, hemp and sugar. In order for the economy to grow the plantations needed to grow, and as the plantations grow so did the number of slaves. Slavery grew to maintain an economy based on agriculture, once again using unpaid slaves allowed owners to continue to get wealthy and maintain there lifestyle. As the slave trade grew so did the relationship between the Plantation owners and the slave traders so much so that exporting became a factor in the economy of slavery in the US. With the so called free labor that slaves brought to the plantations, the owners were able to produce items at such a cheap rate they could sell them as exports to other countries and make money. The cost of these goods in other countries were more expensive to produce mainly because of the cost of labor, where in the south labor was done by slaves. The plantation owners and the slave traders were able to come to agreements allowing both parties the ability to make money, Plantation owners sold goods to other countries and Traders hauled the product back and forth overseas for a profit. Tariffs, cotton, tobacco and an economy based on agriculture, as well as additional income due to exports are a few major factors that contributed to slavery in the United States. The issue of slavery divided the Southern part of the states from the Northern. The North separated themselves as an economy based on industry instead of Agriculture. As Abraham Lincoln campaigned against the expansion of slavery beyond the states in which it already existed it made the northern states conclude that slavery was morally wrong and should come to an end. The southern states wondered how an economy could survive without slaves, not enough money to pay workers to harvest the product and maintain there lifestyle. Slavery was one of many reasons for the Civil War, which had a lasting effect on early America. While it is unfair to say slavery was the only cause of the civil war I believe that many of the causes can be attributed to slavery. I will list three causes to the civil war which barely touches the surface of what I think is one of the most misunderstood wars. The causes I chose are ones that involve slavery in one way or another. First the Dred Scott decision, Dred Scott v. Sandford,(1857), was a decision by the United States Supreme Court that ruled that people of African descent imported into the United States and held as slaves, or their descendants whether or not they were slaves were not protected by the Constitution and could never be citizens of the United States. It also held that the United States Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories. The Court also ruled that because slaves were not citizens, they could not sue in court. Lastly, the Court ruled that slaves as chattel or private property could not be taken away from their owners without due process. The Supreme Court’s decision was written by Chief Justice Roger B. Taney. Opponents of slavery attacked the Dred Scott decision. In the Albany, New York, Evening Journal they combined two themes and â€Å"denounced the decision as both an offense to the principles of liberty on which the nation was founded, and a victory for slave states over the free states†. This decision divided the north and the south even more deeply the south was clearly a winner in this decision as it help maintain the need for slavery, while the north became even more angered with the south. Second, John Brown’s raid was an attempt by white abolitionist John Brown to start an armed slave revolt by seizing a United States Arsenal at Harpers Ferry in Virginia in 1859. Brown’s raid was defeated by a detachment of U. S. Marines led by Col. Robert E. Lee. The intent of the raid was to arm rebellious slaves and allowing them to strike fear into the slaveholders of Virginia. Brown and others were charged with treason and hung in Virginia once again angering politicians in the north. Third the election of Abraham Lincoln, while it is well known that Lincoln was opposed to slavery and the slave trade, he did say that a war would not be waged to abolish slavery but as a way to strengthen the Union. The South did not believe him and felt he was only interested in what was best for the north and thus proceeded to succeed from the union, while South Carolina was the first many others followed, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. This â€Å"declaration of Secession. † Made it clear that he north and south had divided and the only way to become one was to go to war. Citations Peter Kolchin, B. A. , Ph. D 2009 retrieved August 9, 2009, from http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761580652_3/Slavery_in_the_United_States. html Martin Kelly 2009 retrieved August 12, 2009 from http://americanhistory. about. com/od/civilwarmenu/a/cause_ civil_war. htm Swain, Gwenyth, 2004, Dred and Harriet Scott: A Family’s Struggle for Freedom. Saint Paul, MN: Borealis Books. Robert William Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman, 1974, Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. How to cite Economic Basis of African Slavery in the United States, Papers

Unmet Need of Afghani Refuee in Australia

Question: Discuss about the Iincrease health care utilization among Afghani refugees in Australia. Answer: Title Planning health promotion program to increase health care utilization among Afghani refugees in Australia Aims of the project: The main objectives of the project are as follows: To identify and address unmet needs of Afghan refugee in Australia To consider and plan health promotion program to optimize health outcome in Afghani refugees. To consider the implication of the program in improving the delivery of health care among Afghani community in Australia. Problem/unmet community health need for the identified group Afghans have been migrating to Australia since the 1860s and currently the number of Afghan community in Australia is 35000. The number is rising mainly through humanitarian program. They have been a victim of many civil war and human right abuses. Hence, most of the Afghanistan-born people settled in Australia are mostly asylum seekers and refugees with history of trauma and displacement. Many health practices in Afghan refugees differ from that of Australian Community. Firstly, they are unfamiliar with the Australian health care system and they are reluctant to seek health care services too. Even if they seek health services, there is a preference to be seen by the health care staffs of the same gender (Afghan community profile 2017). The review of literature on unmet needs of Afghani refugee in Australia reveals that mental health issues disproportionately affects Afghan refugees due to prolonged exposure to war. Refugees are in general vulnerable to high psychological distress and in Afghan refugees, it is mostly due to pre-migration and post-migration traumas. The problem is intensified as they do not receive any prior psychological support in their own country due to weak mental health infrastructure. Their experience of atrocities, loss of family members and stressful escape experience is the reason for high comorbidity of mental illness. Hence, the mental health problem is mediated by mental health and language conflicts. Low utilization of mental health care is also high due to attitudes of stigma and lack of trust in Australian health care methods (Alemi et al. 2014). Therefore, this finding suggests that there is a need to adapt medical health problem that promotes utilization of mental health care servic es among Afghan refugees living in Australia. Valibhoy et al., (2017) gave another insight into the experience of Afghan refugees in Australian mental health service and the survey with young refugees gave the answer to the research question. Mental health service utilization in this group was particularly influenced by the young refugees preconceptions about mental health practitioner, sociocultural context and help-seeking attitudes. They had a stigmatizing concept about being a mental health client and another barrier to service utilization was the poor narration of personal experience and symptoms of health care staffs. Therefore, the need for cultural sensitivity in delivering mental health service mainly arose in this research study as socio-cultural context mainly influenced their service utilization pattern. There is an urgent need to establish a condition that promotes therapeutic relationship between mental health service and Afghan refugees. Afghan refugees settled in Australia are highly vulnerable to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). An analysis of the beliefs regarding the causes and risk of PTSD among two refugee groups in Australia showed that Afghan refugees regard coming from a war-torn country as a major reason for the development of PTSD. The participants response also indicated that they regarded the role of higher order powers in the etiology of mental health problems. This proves that impact of religious and spiritual teaching also influence utilization rate of health care services among this group (Slewa-Younan et al., 2017). This finding is also consistent with the research by Toar et al., (2009) which also reveals the prevalence of PTSD, depression and anxiety among asylum seekers and refugees. The rate of utilization of health care service in this group was done by means of assessment of frequency of contact with health care practitioners, number of hospital admissions in last one year and use of pre scribed medication in the past two weeks. The study finding gives the idea that high post migration stressors along with presence of one or more chronic disease leading to PTSD and anxiety in refugees. Despite high self-reported problem of psychological disorder in this group, majority of them are not utilizing Australian mental health services adequately. As Afghan refugees are one of the largest source of refugee settlement in Australia, there a need to promote better health outcome in this group. The review of recent evidence regarding the problems/ or unmet needs in this group illustrates high prevalence of psychological distress and mental illness in this group. Another major unmet need is that despite high psychological disorder, the health service utilization rate is too low. This is mainly because of poor awareness regarding Australian health care system and impact of sociocultural context in treatment choices. Hence, the analysis of the reason for these problems in Afghan refugees indicates that the implementation of targeted health promotion program in this group by putting special attention to cultural sensitivity in health care delivery. This is important to preserve the diversity of the nature and deliver culturally competence services (Haintz, Graham, Mckenzie, 2015). Proposed health promotion program To address the problem of the prevalence of psychological distress in Afghan refugees and poor rate of service utilization in this group, it is proposed to implement a culturally sensitive health promotion program to raise awareness about mental health in Afghan refugees and the importance of seeking help from mental health care professionals and community nurses. This would help to bridge the gap between current use of mental health care services and the knowledge and beliefs regarding treatment in Afghan refugees (Renzaho et al., 2013). To improve the mental health of refugees, it is planned to provide trauma-based CBT (Cognitive behavioral therapy) intervention to highly vulnerable people. It is feasible in reducing PTSD among refugees (Unterhitzenberger et al., 2015). Furthermore, to enhance the rate of utilization of mental health service among this group, Andersens model will be applied in the health promotion program. The model will help staffs to understand the needs of patie nts in care and identify the barrier and facilitators to help-seeking behavior among Afghan refugees. This will make health professionals sensitive to cultural and clinical needs of Afghan refugees and enhance the access to service (Dhingra et al., 2010). It is proposed to achieve the desired outcome of high mental health service utilization and positive health outcome for Afghan refugees through culturally sensitive health care program within one year. Resources needed to implement the health promotion program The following are the resource needed for the implementation of the proposed health promotion program- Venue- Community mental health centers in Australia Staff- Community nurse, mental health professionals and therapist for delivering CBT. Culturally and linguistically competent health promotion material- Training resource for staff such as projector, handout of socio-cultural detail, linguistic status, beliefs and treatment preference of Afghan refugees and printed or audio-visual format on instruction related to the procedure for culturally sensitive health care delivery. Health promotion message related to risk reduction and community action for preventing mental health problems. Engaging community partners in health promotion program and giving extensive cultural sensitive training to staffs. Justifying the benefits and relevance of proposed health promotion program The implementation of the culturally sensitive health promotion program by the utilization of the Andersen model is considered important for the Afghan refugees because it would help to narrow the gap in mental health service utilization rate which according due to socio-cultural beliefs of refugees. The analysis of the unmet needs in Afghan refugees residing in Australia revealed lack of refugee focused health service in Australia. Although the mental health services are available, however they are not conducive to socio-cultural preference of this group. Besides this, stigmatizing beliefs about mental illness also discourages Afghan refugees to seek adequate support from mental health service. Hence, with this problem, the culturally sensitive health care program has the scope to bring improvement in current process of health care delivery and align it to the cultural needs of the target group (Netto et al., 2010). The implementation of the proposed program is a step ahead toward refugee focused mental health care system so that all barrier and facilitating factors in care for Afghan refugees are recognized. Refugees face problem in accessing and utilizing the primary health care service due to their attitude and beliefs about illness. The engagement of the community by means of culturally sensitive health care program will help to enhance partnership between Afghan refugees and mental health services (Cheng et al., 2015). The culturally sensitive health promotion will be given by means of language assistant service, verbal and written instructing informing patients about the risk factor associated with mental illness and importance of revealing personal factors in life to achieve targeted intervention. It will help in the interpretation of challenges in Afghan refugees and address them in a systematic manner. By this means, patient-desired intervention can be provided to make them comfortable with western clinical methods and establish trusting relationship with health care staffs and community (Tucker et al., 2011). This is important because review of barriers has revealed that many refugees do not seek support from health care service due to lack of trust (Alemi et al. 2014). The important element of community level health practices involves promotion of healthy living in target group, prevention of health issues, treatment of disorders, rehabilitation and evaluation of outcome. The health promotion program is unique and specific to the needs of the Afghan refugees. It is in relevance with the Neumans care model which is based on the assumption that many unknown and universal stressors exist in client, which further aggravate their health status and each client have their own way of responding to the environment (George, 2011). With this concept, the resistance to seeking help behavior is high in Afghan refugees due to the presence of post and pre-migration stressors in their life. Hence, staff training in cultural sensitive care and awareness and knowledge about mental health among Afghan refugees is deemed to bring favorable outcome as expected from the objective of the project. The main unmet need of the Afghan refugees living in Australia is that of poor utilization of health care services and to address this problem, the application of Andersen model into the health promotion program has been proposed. The rational for including this model in the program is that this program will facilitate identifying conditions that can promote utilization in this group (Alexander, Brijnath, Mazza, 2015). According to this framework, a clients pattern of accessing and using the health service can be understood three characteristics- predisposing factors (health belief, social structure and demographic), enabling factors (available health facilities, personal factors and psychological characteristics) and need factors (the conditions under which the health service is utilized (Smith Scheid, 2014; 2013). Hence, the utilization of this framework in health promotion program will have great implications for community level clinical practice. It will increase awareness abou t refugee group belief about the cause of mental health problems and this will modify the choice of interventions delivered to Afghan refugees. Evaluation of the desired outcome To evaluate the outcome of the health promotion program on increasing mental health utilization rate among Afghan refugees, self-reported data will be collected from participants six months after the program. The survey by means of self-reported response of participants will evaluate the change in beliefs about the cause of psychological disorder in this group and analyse the change in their health beliefs and health seeking behavior after the program. Another important aspect of the evaluation process will to collect data from mental health clinic regarding the increase in number of visits of Afghan refugees for treatment compared to last six months data. By this means, the success of the program can be evaluated. Furthermore, participants experience regarding the health promotion program will help to identify any limitation or weak area where more corrective actions. This will help to collect the required information regarding the bridge in gap between current intervention and heal th beliefs of the Afghan refugee groups. Reference Afghan community profile. (2017).www.dss.gov.au [online] Available at: https://www.dss.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/settle/communityprogiles/community-profile-afghan_access.pdf [Accessed 1 Apr. 2017]. Alemi, Q., James, S., Cruz, R., Zepeda, V., Racadio, M. (2014). Psychological distress in afghan refugees: A mixed-method systematic review.Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health,16(6), 1247-1261. doi:10.1007/s10903-013-9861-1 Alexander, K. E., Brijnath, B., Mazza, D. (2015). Parents' decision making and access to preventive healthcare for young children: Applying andersen's model.Health Expectations,18(5), 1256-1269. doi:10.1111/hex.12100 Cheng, I., Wahidi, S., Vasi, S., Samuel, S. (2015). Importance of community engagement in primary health care: The case of afghan refugees.Australian Journal of Primary Health,21(3), 262. doi:10.1071/PY13137 Dhingra, S. S., Zack, M., Strine, T., Pearson, W. S., Balluz, L. (2010). Determining prevalence and correlates of psychiatric treatment with Andersen's behavioral model of health services use.Psychiatric Services,61(5), 524-528. George, J. B. (2011).Nursing Theories: The Base for Professional Nursing Practice, 6/e. Pearson Education India. Haintz, G. L., Graham, M., Mckenzie, H. (2015). Navigating the ethics of cross-cultural health promotion research.Health Promotion Journal of Australia: Official Journal of Australian Association of Health Promotion Professionals,26(3), 235-240. doi:10.1071/HE15050 Netto, G., Bhopal, R., Lederle, N., Khatoon, J., Jackson, A. (2010). How can health promotion interventions be adapted for minority ethnic communities? Five principles for guiding the development of behavioural interventions.Health Promotion International,25(2), 248-257. Renzaho, A. M. N., Romios, P., Crock, C., Snderlund, A. L. (2013). The effectiveness of cultural competence programs in ethnic minority patient-centered health carea systematic review of the literature.International Journal for Quality in Health Care,25(3), 261-269. Slewa-Younan, S., Guajardo, M. G. U., Yaser, A., Mond, J., Smith, M., Milosevic, D., . . . Jorm, A. F. (2017). 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